با توجه به دورنمای ییماری ناشی از ویروس کرونای جدید، تجاربِ مربوط و امکان بروز باز هم بیشترِ جهشهای خطرناک در ویروس کرونای جدید در بستری گسترده در جهان و نسبی و ناپایدار بودنِ کارایی واکسنها، در نظر داشتن پیشاپیشِ اقدامات بهداشت-محور برای مقابله با این تهدیداتِ جدا محتمل در آینده نیز ضرورت دارد؛ اقداماتی که رویکردی مشارکت دهنده داشته و فعال و پیش دستانه باشند. تا دستیابی به راهکاری پایدار، علاوه بر تمهیداتی همچو واکسیناسیون، حائل-گذاریِ فیزیکی میتواند در زمره این اقدامات باشد. با در نظر داشتن توان سرایتِ خیلی بالای برخی سویه های جدید، تاثیر پایینتر واکسنهای پیشین و "کارایی کمترِ استفاده ی تنها از ماسک در پیشگیری از گسترش بیماریِ ناشی از سویه های مزبور"، استفاده از شیلد یا سپر صورت همراه با پوشش لازم در زیر آن میتواند راهی موثر برای عموم در فضاهای عادی برای مقابله با گسترش عفونت جدیِ کرونایی قلمداد شود. اما برای بسیاری استفاده همزمان از سپر صورت و ماسکی که هم روی دهان و هم به خصوص روی بینی را بپوشانند برای مدت طولانی به سادگی عملی نیست. اما پوشاندنِ فقط دهان در زیر سپر صورت، برعکس، میتواند استفاده از سپر را برای بسیاری تسهیل نماید. کارکرد مهمِ پوششِ مزبور در زیر سپر صورت، علاوه بر کاهش تعداد، کاهشِ "سرعت و شدتِ" خروج ذراتِ خارج گشته از راه دهان همچنین با توجه به "تاثیر صفحه سپرِ قرارگرفته در مقابل آن" و نیز "نقش عمده ذرات نسبتا بزرگترِ تنفسی در انتقال کووید-19" است. بنابراین بررسیِ یک شیوه تسهیل شده استفاده همزمان از سپر صورت و ماسک اهمیت اساسی دارد. در این باره همچنین انجام یک شبیه-سازی ساده برای نشان دادن اثربخشیِ استفاده از سپر صورت همراه با ماسکی فقط بر روی دهان و نه بر روی بینی در زیرِ سپر با ماسکهای مختلف، شامل ماسکهای معمولِ یکبار مصرف و نیز پوششهای پارچه ایِ قابل شستشو، پیشنهاد می شود.

Background: The expansion of the use of audio and video media technology has faced society with many medical, cultural and economic challenges. In the meantime, excessive use of mobile phones can cause many problems. Objective: The aim of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire on physical and psychological injuries of mobile phones. Method: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational and confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of all citizens of Khorramabad with a diploma or higher in 1399, which was selected as a statistical sample by available sampling method of 200 people online and virtual. Results: The results showed that the factorized physical and psychological harm questionnaire of cell phone with 42 questions and 10 components (fear of loss, vibration syndrome, duck syndrome, nomophobia, insomnia, hearing problem, eye syndrome, tunnel and neck syndrome SMS) and has good reliability, validity and flexibility in terms of psychometrics. Discussion and Conclusion: The questionnaire of factor analysis of physical and psychological injuries of mobile phones can be used to identify and study the physical and psychological injuries of mobile phones.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

همه گیری ویروس کووید-19 (کرونا) بر اجرای تعهدات بین المللی دولت ها به ویژه در عرصه حقوق بشر تاثیرات چشمگیری گذاشت. در این میان، حق بر سلامت بیش از سایر حقوق نقض شد. به علاوه اگرچه قرنطینه سازی، فاصله گذاری اجتماعی، منع یا محدودسازی رفت وآمد و دسترسی به اطلاعات به منظور حفظ سلامت عمومی صورت گرفتند، در همین خصوص هم واکنش ناکارامد برخی دولت ها به نقض حق آزادی رفت وآمد و دسترسی به اطلاعات منتج شد. این مقاله با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، ضمن بررسی عملکرد دولت ها در اجرای سه حق مذکور به این پرسش پاسخ می دهد که دولت ها برای توجیه نقض های ارتکابی، امکان استناد به کدام یک از عوامل رافع مسیولیت بین المللی را دارند؟ به نظر می رسد با توجه به آستانه بالای اثبات قوه قاهره، همه گیری کرونا تمامی الزامات این عامل همچون غیرممکن شدن اجرای تعهدات به نحو مادی را برآورده نمی کند. اما استناد به اضطرار و ضرورت بسیار محتمل است. البته نظر به تفاوت میان دولت ها از حیث میزان شیوع بیماری و ظرفیت های مقابله با آن، نمی توان این عوامل را قاطعانه نسبت به همه دولت ها قابل اعمال دانست.

مقدمه: سلامت انسان ها و در نتیجه سلامت جامعه، نقش موثری در توسعه و توانمندی جامعه دارد. سلامت، محور توسعه است و سطح سلامتی جامعه نیز از توسعه یافتگی آن تاثیر می پذیرد.هدف: هدف این پژوهش، بررسی برخی از شاخص های سلامت جسمی دانش آموزان پسر مقطع راهنمایی شهرستان گچساران در سال تحصیلی 1388 می باشد.مواد و روش ها: پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه توصیفی مقطعی می باشد. در این مطالعه تعداد 1000 دانش آموز پسر 14-12 ساله که در مدارس مقطع راهنمایی شهرستان گچساران مشغول به تحصیل بودند، به صورت نمونه گیری خوشه ای چند مرحله ای انتخاب و مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات شامل پرسش نامه و برگه ثبت مشاهدات بود. جمع آوری داده ها از طریق مراجعه به مدارس و بررسی برخی از شاخص های سلامت جسمی دانش آموزان، تکمیل پرسش نامه توسط دانش آموزان و تکمیل برگه ثبت مشاهدات توسط پژوهشگر بر اساس مشاهده انجام شد، که جهت معاینه از ابزارهایی مانند: متر، ترازو، چارت اسنلن، دیاپازون، آبسلانگ، چراغ قوه و دستکش یک بار مصرف استفاده گردید.نتایج: نتایج حاصل نشان داد که میانه وزن و قد پسران در تمام گروه های سنی، از میانه استاندارد رشد پایین تر بود. به طور کلی وزن 4.6 درصد از دانش آموزان پایین تر از صدک سوم، 29.2 درصد بین صدک سوم تا پنجاهم، 54.3 درصد بین صدک پنجاهم تا نود و هفتم و 11.9 درصد آن ها بالاتر از صدک نود و هفتم قرار گرفته اند و به طور کلی قد 3.2 درصد از دانش آموزان پایین تر از صدک سوم، 32.6 درصد بین صدک سوم تا پنجاهم، 52.3 درصد بین صدک پنجاهم تا نود و هفتم و 11.9 درصد آن ها بالاتر از صدک نود و هفتم قرار گرفته اند. از نظر وضعیت بینایی، 25.8 درصد از آزمودنی ها، حداقل یک چشم دارای حدت بینایی کمتر از 0.9 داشتند. در رابطه با وضعیت شنوایی، 8.4 درصد دانش آموزان دچار کاهش شنوایی بودند. از نظر دندانی، 72 درصد دارای پوسیدگی بودند. هم چنین اسکولیوزیس، کیفوزیس و لوردوزیس به ترتیب در 6.8 درصد، 2.4 درصد و 3.9 درصد از دانش آموزان دیده شدند و تنها بین میزان تحصیلات پدر و میانگین تعداد فرزندان خانواده با دی ام اف تی، رابطه همبستگی وجود داشت.نتیجه گیری: یافته های این پژوهش، لزوم توجه بیشتر به بهداشت دهان و دندان، بهداشت تغذیه و ورزش، سلامت بینایی، شنوایی و دستگاه اسکلتی در نزد دانش آموزان را نشان می دهد.

A B S T R A C T Tourism as a socio-economic activity plays an essential role in the economic, social, physical, and cultural dimensions of rural settlements in developing countries, which can have significant impacts on rural physical identity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tourism on the identity changes of rural settlements in Oraman area of Sarvabad Township in Kurdistan province. Therefore, the present study questions 1. What is the relationship between tourism development and rural identity changes in the study area? What are the most critical factors influencing the physical development of rural settlements? He answers. The present study is a descriptive-analytical based on data collection using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of 7 villages located in the Dezli-Hajij communication axis in Oraman District based on population and housing census data of 1395 with 1572 households and 306 households were selected using Cochran formula. One-sample t-test and factor analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of the study showed that tourism development in the sample villages in terms of continuity over time such as housing construction quality (3/67), sanitation (3/39) and land-use changes (3/78) and unity and plurality such as Design and style of housing architecture (3/01) and public transit architecture (3/23) and then differentiation and homogeneity such as proportionality with rural life (3/58) and rurality or location (3/43) have a positive impact on the physical dimensions of rural settlements in the region. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that tourism development plays a vital role in the development of rural physical identity in the region. So that the proportion of rural life with a specific amount of 13/6 and 27% of the total variance had the most influence among the factors Extended Abstract Introduction  As an important socio-economic activity in local and regional development, tourism has a high potential for political, social, and economic changes in communities. Scholars widely regard it as the engine of development. Today, rural areas in developing countries face various economic, social, and environmental challenges. Planners need to pay more attention to complementary sectors of agricultural activities such as the development of handicrafts, food industries, and tourism because agriculture is now retreating from its hegemonic position in some rural areas. Therefore, tourism as one of the essential approaches to rural development has multiple effects on the socio-economic dimensions of rural areas. Tourism can play a vital role in shaping spaces, reconfiguring and rebuilding processes, creating new socio-economic opportunities in less-developed rural areas,  and leads to changes in the physical dimensions and physical identity of the villages.   Methodology This study aims to investigate the role of tourism development in the physical identity of  rural settlements located in the Dezley-Hajij road axis in Oraman County (Sarvabad Township- Kurdistan province) in western Iran. This applied study methodology of research was based on analytical– descriptive methods using questionnaires. After the survey of theoretical bases, the questionnaire was set using a Likert spectrum and distributed randomly among the sample. The statistical population of this study consisted of 1572 households residing in the villages of Daraki (Dezli County), Veisiyan and Kamaleh (Oraman County), Belbar, Jivar, Celin, and Novin (Shalyar County), with a sample of 306 was selected by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was further validated by an academic panel of experts in the field of research. Cronbach's alpha determined its reliability, which was up to 0.890 for measured indexes. The data were analyzed by One sample T-test and Factor   analysis tests in the SPSS software package.    Results and discussion To investigate the role of tourism activities in the physical identity change of rural settlements, the research indices in terms of three components of time continuity (quality of constructions, health, and environmental cleanliness and land-use transformations), unity/multiplicity (Landscape of free passages and the type of architectural style), and differentiation/similarity (proportional to rural life and Compliance with the physical environment) were classified. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that assuming numerical utility (3 mean spectra), the components of continuity in time, variance, multiplicity, and differentiation and similarity with numerical mean values (3.62), (3.35), and (3.27), respectively. The effect of tourism development is affected, and the difference is positive and means between upper and lower boundaries. There is a significant difference at the 95% level between the components. Evaluation of the importance of tourism in the physical development of rural settlements from the viewpoint of the respondents using factor analysis statistical test showed that the relevant data according to the KMO coefficient (0.812) is appropriate, and the Bartlett's test is 99% significant. Therefore, 50 variables extracted from the questionnaire were classified into six main factors, namely rural planning and architecture, beautification and environmental hygiene, privacy and road improvement, rural livelihoods, cultural regeneration, and physical security.   Conclusion Findings based on the utility analysis of indicators indicate the positive impact of tourism development on the development of physical identity changes in rural settlements in the study area. Thus, the development of tourism in the villages under study has been able to positively influence the three dimensions of identity, such as continuity in time, unity and plurality, and differentiation and similarity. Therefore, it can be concluded that tourism development due to its social and economic impacts on the villages has also led to changes in rural physical identity. Moreover, hygiene and cleanliness of the rural environment were observed with a numerical mean (3.81) and (3.67), respectively, both of which are indices in the continuity component over time. The results of the data analysis using factor analysis showed that the studied variables had 6% of the total variance in 5% of total variance. Based on the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that tourism development in two factors in terms of continuity in time has the most impact on the physical identity of rural settlements at 41%. Thus, planning and architecture of rural housing with 27% of the total variance and beautification and sanitation of the physical environment with 14% of the total variance have a significant impact on the physical changes and, consequently, the physical identity of the rural settlements. Based on the research findings, the following suggestions can be considered: Strengthening local institutions, such as the Islamic Council and the local managers, in order to promote the use of local patterns in the construction of new instruments to conform to the physical structure and function of the villages in the region; Management of land use changes on the edge of the village in order to prevent unnecessary physical changes in the way of preservation and environmental beauty; Prevent the accumulation of pesticides in public passages due to tourism in the area; Improving public beauties and beautifying them using the social and cultural elements of the region.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest The Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments The authors appreciate to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

فیزیوتراپیست به عنوان عضوی از جامعه درمانی دارای Approach خاص خود به بیماریهای اطفال و درمان اینگونه بیماریها است. فیزیوتراپی (Physical Therapy): شامل کاربرد ابزارهای فیزیکی (Physical Agents)، تمرینات (Exs) و حرکات دست (Manual Therapy) در جهت درمان بیماریها میباشد. در این حیطه درمانی ارزیابی بیمار (Assessment) نیز جایگاه خاص خود را دارد. درمانگری که از این متدها استفاده مینماید فیزیوتراپیست (Physical Therapist) نامیده میشود. ابزارهای فیزیکی شامل جریان الکتریکی (Electrical  Current)، امواج رادیویی (Radio Waves)، امواج صوتی (Ultra Sound)، گرما (Heat)،Ir لیزر (Laser) و .... می باشد. فیزیوتراپی در بیماریهای اطفال: در این حیطه بیماریها و ناتوانی اطفال بین سنین تازه متولد شده (New Born) تا حدود 12سالگی ارزیابی و درمان می شود. هدف این درمان کاهش عوارض بیماری و مستقل ساختن بیمار می باشد و این درمانگراطفال، فیزیوتراپیست اطفال (Pedatric Physical Therapist Or Pediatric Therapist) نامیده میشود. چه بیماریهایی در اطفال نیاز به فیزیوتراپی دارد: بیماریهایی شامل Stroke - Spina Bifide - Cp هیدروسفالی – ارتوپدی – آرتریت رماتوئید – صدمات نخاعی – دیستروفی عضلانی ـ آمپوتشن – درد وتورم - بیماریهای عفونی ریه – کمک در جراحی اطفال – آسم و ... در این محدوده میگنجد. اعمال درمانی که یک فیزیوتراپیست اطفال انجام می دهد شامل تقویت سیستم عضلانی عصبی، افزایش هماهنگی و تحمل عضلانی، بهبودGait ، آموزش خانواده بیمار، بهبود سیستم تنفسی و کنترل درد میباشد. درمان امروزه به سمت کاهش عوارض جانبی ناشی از درمان یا پروسیجرها می رود. در این میان فیزیوتراپی به علت استفاده از متدهایی که side effect کمتری دارند جایگاه خاصی برای خود بدست آورده است و راههای جدیدی در اختیار پزشک اطفال قرار می دهد. فیزیوتراپیست اطفال باید با پاتولوژی و فیزیوپاتولوژی بیماریهای اطفال آشنا باشد، همچنین از رشد سیستم اعصاب و حرکتی اطلاع داشته باشد، تسلط به رادیوگرافی و آشنایی با محدوده طبیعی و پاتولوژیک آزمایشهای بیوشیمی اطفال جایگاه خاص خود را دارد.

عناصر اربعه یکی از بنیادی ترین مفاهیم طبیعیات دورۀ اسلامی هستند. تصور رایج در مورد عناصر اربعه آن است که با کشف جدول مندلیف نظریۀ عناصر اربعه کنار رفت و تصور شد آنچه قدما از آن به عنوان عنصر یاد می کردند عنصر نیستند، بلکه مرکّب هستند. بررسی نظرات حکما در باب عناصر نشان می دهد که آب، هوا، آتش و خاک محسوسی که با چشم دیده می شوند، عنصر نیستند، بلکه مرکّب اند. بر همین اساس، هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی حالت عنصریِ عناصر اربعه در تناظر با عناصر جدول تناوبی است. از این رو، این مقاله به یکی از پرسش های اساسی در مورد عناصر اربعه می پردازد و آن این است که حالت عنصری عناصر اربعه، که از آن به بسایط یا محوضت عناصر یاد می شود، چیست و چرا اشیای محسوس اطراف ما عنصر نیستند. پژوهش حاضر از نظر نوع، توصیفی تحلیلی، به لحاظ هدف، بنیادی و براساس روش، اسنادی بوده و گردآوری اطلاعات از طریق مراجعه به منابع درجه اول کتابخانه ای انجام شده است. نتایج به دست آمده از این پژوهش نشان می دهد آنچه مشاهده می شود، حالت محض عناصر اربعه نبوده و عنصر باید شفاف باشد. بر این مبنا نه تنها خاک، بلکه آتشِ قابل رؤیت نیز عنصر نیست. همچنین مقصود طبیعی دانان دورۀ اسلامی از مفهوم «عنصر» با آنچه امروز تحت عنوان عنصر شناخته می شود، متفاوت است، از این رو بین مفهوم عنصر (Element) در جدول تناوبی و عناصر اربعه اشتراک لفظی وجود دارد و مقصود این دو، یکی نیست.